Schema Therapy is an integrative psychotherapy developed by Jeffrey Young, specifically designed for personality disorders and chronic mental health issues unresponsive to other therapies. It blends Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), attachment theory, psychodynamic concepts, and experiential techniques. The model focuses on identifying and modifying 'Early Maladaptive Schemas' – deep-seated, negative patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving originating from unmet childhood needs. Therapy also addresses 'Schema Modes,' the current emotional states and coping responses (e.g., Vulnerable Child, Detached Protector) activated when schemas are triggered. Treatment involves cognitive techniques (challenging schema-related thoughts), powerful experiential methods (like imagery rescripting to heal past wounds, chair work to dialogue with modes), behavioral pattern-breaking, and using the therapeutic relationship itself ('limited reparenting') to provide corrective emotional experiences within safe boundaries. The ultimate goal is to heal schemas and strengthen the 'Healthy Adult' mode, enabling clients to get their core needs met in adaptive ways and lead more fulfilling lives. It has strong evidence, particularly for Borderline Personality Disorder.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is a goal-directed, collaborative approach that focuses on building solutions rather than dwelling on problems. This short-term therapy operates on the belief that individuals possess the strengths and resources needed to solve their difficulties. Instead of analyzing the past or the cause of issues, SFBT therapists help clients envision their desired future and identify steps to get there. Key techniques include the 'Miracle Question' (imagining life without the problem), 'Exception Questions' (exploring times when the problem was less intense or absent), and 'Scaling Questions' (rating progress and confidence). The therapist's role is to elicit and amplify the client's competencies, successes, and hopes. SFBT is highly collaborative, viewing the client as the expert in their own life. It is typically very brief, often lasting only a few sessions, making it an efficient option. It is effective for various issues, including anxiety, depression, relationship problems, and behavioral concerns, particularly for clients seeking practical strategies and rapid change. The focus is consistently positive, empowering clients by highlighting their capabilities and fostering hope.

Somatic Experiencing (SE) is a body-oriented approach developed by Dr. Peter Levine to address trauma and chronic stress by working directly with the nervous system's response. It is based on the understanding that traumatic experiences can leave survival energy (from fight, flight, or freeze responses) trapped in the body, leading to various symptoms. SE aims to gently release this trapped energy and restore nervous system regulation by guiding clients to become aware of their internal physical sensations, or 'felt sense.' Key techniques include 'titration,' processing small, manageable amounts of distress at a time, and 'pendulation,' helping the client shift between sensations of distress and sensations of safety or resource. The therapist helps the client track subtle bodily shifts, imagery, emotions, and meanings connected to the overwhelming event, allowing the body's natural healing capacity to emerge. Less emphasis is placed on retelling the traumatic story and more on processing the associated physiological activation. SE is effective for PTSD, anxiety, chronic pain, and other stress-related conditions, promoting resilience and a greater sense of embodiment and well-being.

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is a leading evidence-based treatment designed specifically for children and adolescents (typically ages 3-18) who have experienced trauma and are suffering from its emotional and psychological consequences, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and behavioral difficulties. This structured therapy integrates trauma-sensitive interventions with core cognitive behavioral techniques. A unique feature of TF-CBT is its component-based model, often summarized by the acronym PRACTICE (Psychoeducation, Parenting skills, Relaxation, Affective modulation, Cognitive coping, Trauma narrative and processing, In vivo exposure, Conjoint sessions, Enhancing safety). Treatment involves teaching children and their non-offending parents/caregivers specific skills to manage distressing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the trauma. A central component is the gradual development of a Trauma Narrative, where the child, supported by the therapist, creates an account of their traumatic experience to process difficult memories and emotions safely. TF-CBT actively involves parents/caregivers throughout treatment, providing them with skills to support their child, improve communication, and ensure ongoing safety. Numerous research studies confirm its effectiveness in significantly reducing trauma symptoms and promoting recovery.