Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) is an integrative, time-limited psychotherapy developed by Anthony Ryle, primarily practiced in the UK. It blends cognitive therapy, psychodynamic object relations theory, and Vygotskian ideas to help individuals understand and change maladaptive patterns in how they relate to themselves and others. Therapy centers on a collaborative 'Reformulation' process, typically occurring within the first few sessions (of a usual 16 or 24-session contract). This involves identifying core problematic 'Procedures' (sequences of thinking, feeling, acting) and underlying 'Reciprocal Roles' (internalized relationship patterns, e.g., 'Critical Parent to Criticized Child'). This shared understanding is often captured in a written Reformulation Letter and a visual diagram (Sequential Diagrammatic Reformulation - SDR). Therapy then focuses on recognizing ('Recognition') when these patterns are active and developing healthier alternatives or 'Exits' ('Revision'). CAT is particularly useful for relationship difficulties and complex issues often associated with personality disorders, depression, or anxiety, offering a structured framework for deep change.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a highly researched, structured, and goal-oriented type of talk therapy proven effective for a wide range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD, OCD, and eating disorders. It operates on the core principle that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected, and that changing unhelpful thinking patterns (like automatic negative thoughts and cognitive distortions) and maladaptive behaviors can lead to significant improvements in emotional well-being. CBT is typically present-focused and time-limited, emphasizing skill-building. Clients learn specific techniques, such as identifying and challenging cognitive distortions using Thought Records, engaging in Behavioral Activation to increase positive experiences, and facing fears gradually through Exposure Therapy. Homework assignments between sessions are crucial for practicing these skills in real-life situations. CBT empowers individuals with practical tools to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life long after therapy concludes.

Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is a leading, evidence-based psychotherapy specifically designed to treat Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It is a structured, typically 12-session adaptation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy that focuses on how trauma has impacted beliefs about oneself, others, and the world. CPT helps individuals identify and address "stuck points"—unhelpful thoughts and beliefs connected to the trauma that maintain PTSD symptoms. Through psychoeducation, specific CPT worksheets, and targeted Socratic questioning, clients learn skills to challenge and modify these maladaptive beliefs, particularly concerning themes of safety, trust, power/control, esteem, and intimacy. While some versions may include writing about the trauma, the core focus is on cognitive restructuring. CPT is highly effective in reducing PTSD symptoms, changing negative thinking patterns stemming from trauma, and improving overall functioning. It is recognized as a first-line treatment for PTSD across various trauma types.

Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) is an integrative psychotherapy approach developed by Dr. Paul Gilbert, designed particularly for individuals struggling with high levels of shame and self-criticism. Drawing from evolutionary psychology, neuroscience, and attachment theory, CFT understands psychological distress as often arising from an imbalance in three core emotion regulation systems: threat/protection, drive/incentive, and soothing/safeness. It posits that an overactive threat system and underdeveloped soothing system contribute significantly to self-criticism. CFT aims to correct this imbalance by systematically training the client's mind to cultivate compassion – defined as sensitivity to suffering combined with the motivation to alleviate it. Therapy involves psychoeducation about these systems and specific exercises (like soothing rhythm breathing, compassionate imagery, developing a 'compassionate self', letter writing) designed to activate the mammalian care-giving system (soothing/safeness). The focus is on developing compassion in three flows: towards others, from others, and towards oneself (self-compassion). By building these capacities, CFT helps clients feel safer, manage difficult emotions, counteract self-attacks, and foster greater psychological well-being and resilience.