ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning across multiple settings. Key symptoms include difficulty sustaining attention, disorganization, forgetfulness (inattention); excessive fidgeting, restlessness, difficulty staying seated (hyperactivity); and acting without thinking, interrupting others, impatience (impulsivity). There are three presentations: Predominantly Inattentive, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive, and Combined. ADHD has strong genetic and neurobiological roots related to brain development and neurotransmitter function. Diagnosis requires a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified professional. Effective management is multimodal, typically involving behavioral therapies (parent training, skills training, CBT), educational/workplace accommodations, and often stimulant or non-stimulant medications to manage core symptoms. Lifestyle strategies focusing on structure, organization, exercise, and sleep are also vital support components.

Adjustment Disorder

Adjustment Disorder is a stressor-related condition characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms (like sadness, anxiety, or conduct issues) developing within three months of an identifiable life stressor. The distress experienced is clinically significant, either being out of proportion to the stressor or causing notable impairment in social, occupational, or other key areas of functioning. Symptoms do not meet criteria for other major disorders and typically resolve within six months after the stressor terminates. It differs from normal stress by its intensity or functional impact. Treatment primarily involves psychotherapy focused on enhancing coping skills, managing stress, and adapting to the change.

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa is a severe eating disorder characterized by a relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a healthy weight. Individuals with this disorder exhibit a significant fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of their body shape or size, often viewing themselves as overweight even when dangerously thin. The disorder involves restrictive eating patterns, which may or may not include binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging, excessive exercise, or the misuse of laxatives or diuretics. Anorexia Nervosa has serious physical consequences due to starvation, affecting nearly every organ system in the body and leading to potential medical emergencies. Psychological features like perfectionism, rigidity, and anxiety are often present. Recovery typically requires intensive, specialized treatment involving medical stabilization, nutritional rehabilitation, and evidence-based psychotherapy aimed at addressing the underlying psychological issues and establishing healthy eating behaviors and body image. Early intervention significantly improves the prognosis, highlighting the importance of recognizing the signs and seeking professional help promptly.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a Cluster B personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, emerging in childhood or early adolescence (as Conduct Disorder, required for diagnosis) and persisting into adulthood (diagnosed age 18+). Key behaviors include failure to conform to social norms/laws, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse. Individuals often lack insight and motivation for change, making treatment challenging. While no specific medication exists for ASPD, psychotherapy may target specific behaviors like anger management or substance use, often in mandated settings.

Anxiety

Anxiety disorders involve excessive fear, worry, and related behavioral disturbances that significantly impact daily life. This category includes conditions like Generalized Anxiety Disorder (persistent worry), Panic Disorder (recurrent panic attacks), Social Anxiety Disorder (fear of social judgment), Specific Phobias (intense fear of objects/situations), and Separation Anxiety Disorder. Symptoms often manifest emotionally (nervousness, dread), cognitively (racing thoughts, difficulty concentrating), and physically (rapid heartbeat, fatigue, muscle tension). Causes are multifaceted, involving genetic predispositions, brain chemistry, environmental stressors, and past experiences. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation against established criteria. Highly effective treatments are available, primarily psychotherapy (especially Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - CBT) and sometimes medication, alongside lifestyle adjustments and coping strategies like stress management and mindfulness. Seeking professional help is key to recovery and improved quality of life.